THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA


THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 


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The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, structure, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out the fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of citizens.


Preamble

“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

  • JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

  • LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

  • EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

  • FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”




  1. Borrowed Constitution – Inspired by constitutions of UK, USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, USSR, France, South Africa, Japan, etc.

  2. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic – As stated in the Preamble.

  3. Parliamentary System – Executive is accountable to the legislature.

  4. Federal Structure with Unitary Bias – Strong Centre but states have autonomy in their matters.

  5. Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35) – Six categories of rights guaranteeing individual liberty.

  6. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51) – Social and economic goals to guide governance.

  7. Fundamental Duties (Part IVA, Article 51A) – Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.

  8. Independent Judiciary – Supreme Court at the top with power of judicial review.

  9. Secularism – Equal respect to all religions.

  10. Single Citizenship – Unlike the USA, Indian citizens have only one citizenship.


Structure of the Constitution

  • Preamble – Introduction, states objectives of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity.

  • Parts – 25 Parts (e.g., Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Panchayati Raj, Emergency Provisions).

  • Schedules – 12 Schedules (e.g., distribution of powers, allocation of seats, official languages).

  • Amendments – Over 106 Constitutional Amendments as of 2025.





Location: India

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